Results for 'Paul B. Laat'

975 found
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  1.  61
    How can contributors to open-source communities be trusted? On the assumption, inference, and substitution of trust.Paul B. Laat - 2010 - Ethics and Information Technology 12 (4):327-341.
    Open-source communities that focus on content rely squarely on the contributions of invisible strangers in cyberspace. How do such communities handle the problem of trusting that strangers have good intentions and adequate competence? This question is explored in relation to communities in which such trust is a vital issue: peer production of software (FreeBSD and Mozilla in particular) and encyclopaedia entries (Wikipedia in particular). In the context of open-source software, it is argued that trust was inferred from an underlying ‘hacker (...)
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  2. Algorithmic Decision-Making Based on Machine Learning from Big Data: Can Transparency Restore Accountability?Paul B. de Laat - 2018 - Philosophy and Technology 31 (4):525-541.
    Decision-making assisted by algorithms developed by machine learning is increasingly determining our lives. Unfortunately, full opacity about the process is the norm. Would transparency contribute to restoring accountability for such systems as is often maintained? Several objections to full transparency are examined: the loss of privacy when datasets become public, the perverse effects of disclosure of the very algorithms themselves, the potential loss of companies’ competitive edge, and the limited gains in answerability to be expected since sophisticated algorithms usually are (...)
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  3.  49
    Companies Committed to Responsible AI: From Principles towards Implementation and Regulation?Paul B. de Laat - 2021 - Philosophy and Technology 34 (4):1135-1193.
    The term ‘responsible AI’ has been coined to denote AI that is fair and non-biased, transparent and explainable, secure and safe, privacy-proof, accountable, and to the benefit of mankind. Since 2016, a great many organizations have pledged allegiance to such principles. Amongst them are 24 AI companies that did so by posting a commitment of the kind on their website and/or by joining the ‘Partnership on AI’. By means of a comprehensive web search, two questions are addressed by this study: (...)
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  4.  87
    The disciplinary power of predictive algorithms: a Foucauldian perspective.Paul B. de Laat - 2019 - Ethics and Information Technology 21 (4):319-329.
    Big Data are increasingly used in machine learning in order to create predictive models. How are predictive practices that use such models to be situated? In the field of surveillance studies many of its practitioners assert that “governance by discipline” has given way to “governance by risk”. The individual is dissolved into his/her constituent data and no longer addressed. I argue that, on the contrary, in most of the contexts where predictive modelling is used, it constitutes Foucauldian discipline. Compliance to (...)
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  5.  57
    Big data and algorithmic decision-making.Paul B. de Laat - 2017 - Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 47 (3):39-53.
    Decision-making assisted by algorithms developed by machine learning is increasingly determining our lives. Unfortunately, full opacity about the process is the norm. Can transparency contribute to restoring accountability for such systems? Several objections are examined: the loss of privacy when data sets become public, the perverse effects of disclosure of the very algorithms themselves, the potential loss of competitive edge, and the limited gains in answerability to be expected since sophisticated algorithms are inherently opaque. It is concluded that transparency is (...)
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  6. Trusting virtual trust.Paul B. de Laat - 2005 - Ethics and Information Technology 7 (3):167-180.
    Can trust evolve on the Internet between virtual strangers? Recently, Pettit answered this question in the negative. Focusing on trust in the sense of ‘dynamic, interactive, and trusting’ reliance on other people, he distinguishes between two forms of trust: primary trust rests on the belief that the other is trustworthy, while the more subtle secondary kind of trust is premised on the belief that the other cherishes one’s esteem, and will, therefore, reply to an act of trust in kind (‘trust-responsiveness’). (...)
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  7. Open Source Production of Encyclopedias: Editorial Policies at the Intersection of Organizational and Epistemological Trust.Paul B. de Laat - 2012 - Social Epistemology 26 (1):71-103.
    The ideas behind open source software are currently applied to the production of encyclopedias. A sample of six English text-based, neutral-point-of-view, online encyclopedias of the kind are identified: h2g2, Wikipedia, Scholarpedia, Encyclopedia of Earth, Citizendium and Knol. How do these projects deal with the problem of trusting their participants to behave as competent and loyal encyclopedists? Editorial policies for soliciting and processing content are shown to range from high discretion to low discretion; that is, from granting unlimited trust to limited (...)
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  8. How can contributors to open-source communities be Trusted? On the assumption, inference, and substitution of trust.Paul B. de Laat - 2010 - Ethics and Information Technology 12 (4):327-341.
    Open-source communities that focus on content rely squarely on the contributions of invisible strangers in cyberspace. How do such communities handle the problem of trusting that strangers have good intentions and adequate competence? This question is explored in relation to communities in which such trust is a vital issue: peer production of software (FreeBSD and Mozilla in particular) and encyclopaedia entries (Wikipedia in particular). In the context of open-source software, it is argued that trust was inferred from an underlying ‘hacker (...)
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  9.  43
    Trusting the (ro)botic other.Paul B. de Laat - 2015 - Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 45 (3):255-260.
    How may human agents come to trust artificial agents? At present, since the trust involved is non-normative, this would seem to be a slow process, depending on the outcomes of the transactions. Some more options may soon become available though. As debated in the literature, humans may meet bots as they are embedded in an institution. If they happen to trust the institution, they will also trust them to have tried out and tested the machines in their back corridors; as (...)
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  10.  29
    Algorithmic decision-making employing profiling: will trade secrecy protection render the right to explanation toothless?Paul B. de Laat - 2022 - Ethics and Information Technology 24 (2).
    Algorithmic decision-making based on profiling may significantly affect people’s destinies. As a rule, however, explanations for such decisions are lacking. What are the chances for a “right to explanation” to be realized soon? After an exploration of the regulatory efforts that are currently pushing for such a right it is concluded that, at the moment, the GDPR stands out as the main force to be reckoned with. In cases of profiling, data subjects are granted the right to receive meaningful information (...)
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  11. NAVIGATING BETWEEN CHAOS AND BUREAUCRACY: BACKGROUNDING TRUST IN OPEN-CONTENT COMMUNITIES.Paul B. de Laat - 2012 - In Karl Aberer, Andreas Flache, Wander Jager, Ling Liu, Jie Tang & Christophe Guéret, 4th International Conference, SocInfo 2012, Lausanne, Switzerland, December 5-7, 2012. Proceedings. Springer.
    Many virtual communities that rely on user-generated content (such as social news sites, citizen journals, and encyclopedias in particular) offer unrestricted and immediate ‘write access’ to every contributor. It is argued that these communities do not just assume that the trust granted by that policy is well-placed; they have developed extensive mechanisms that underpin the trust involved (‘backgrounding’). These target contributors (stipulating legal terms of use and developing etiquette, both underscored by sanctions) as well as the contents contributed by them (...)
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  12. Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested' bureaucratic rules.Paul B. de Laat - 2012 - Ethics and Information Technology 14 (2):123-135.
    In communities of user-generated content, systems for the management of content and/or their contributors are usually accepted without much protest. Not so, however, in the case of Wikipedia, in which the proposal to introduce a system of review for new edits (in order to counter vandalism) led to heated discussions. This debate is analysed, and arguments of both supporters and opponents (of English, German and French tongue) are extracted from Wikipedian archives. In order to better understand this division of the (...)
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  13.  82
    Emerging roles for third parties in cyberspace.Paul B. de Laat - 2001 - Ethics and Information Technology 3 (4):267-276.
    In `real' space, third partieshave always been useful to facilitatetransactions. With cyberspace opening up, it isto be expected that intermediation will alsodevelop in a virtual fashion. The articlefocuses upon new cyberroles for third partiesthat seem to announce themselves clearly.First, virtualization of the market place haspaved the way for `cybermediaries', who brokerbetween supply and demand of material andinformational goods. Secondly,cybercommunication has created newuncertainties concerning informational securityand privacy. Also, as in real space,transacting supposes some decency with one'spartners. These needs are being addressed (...)
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  14. Open Source Software: A New Mertonian Ethos?Paul B. de Laat - 2001 - In Anton Vedder, Ethics and the Internet. Intersentia.
    Hacker communities of the 1970s and 1980s developed a quite characteristic work ethos. Its norms are explored and shown to be quite similar to those which Robert Merton suggested govern academic life: communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized scepticism. In the 1990s the Internet multiplied the scale of these communities, allowing them to create successful software programs like Linux and Apache. After renaming themselves the `open source software' movement, with an emphasis on software quality, they succeeded in gaining corporate interest. As (...)
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  15. From open-source software to Wikipedia: ‘Backgrounding’ trust by collective monitoring and reputation tracking.Paul B. de Laat - 2014 - Ethics and Information Technology 16 (2):157-169.
    Open-content communities that focus on co-creation without requirements for entry have to face the issue of institutional trust in contributors. This research investigates the various ways in which these communities manage this issue. It is shown that communities of open-source software—continue to—rely mainly on hierarchy (reserving write-access for higher echelons), which substitutes (the need for) trust. Encyclopedic communities, though, largely avoid this solution. In the particular case of Wikipedia, which is confronted with persistent vandalism, another arrangement has been pioneered instead. (...)
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  16. Copyright or copyleft?: An analysis of property regimes for software development.Paul B. de Laat - 2005 - Research Policy 34 (10):1511-1532.
    Two property regimes for software development may be distinguished. Within corporations, on the one hand, a Private Regime obtains which excludes all outsiders from access to a firm's software assets. It is shown how the protective instruments of secrecy and both copyright and patent have been strengthened considerably during the last two decades. On the other, a Public Regime among hackers may be distinguished, initiated by individuals, organizations or firms, in which source code is freely exchanged. It is argued that (...)
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  17. The use of software tools and autonomous bots against vandalism: eroding Wikipedia’s moral order?Paul B. de Laat - 2015 - Ethics and Information Technology 17 (3):175-188.
    English - language Wikipedia is constantly being plagued by vandalistic contributions on a massive scale. In order to fight them its volunteer contributors deploy an array of software tools and autonomous bots. After an analysis of their functioning and the ‘ coactivity ’ in use between humans and bots, this research ‘ discloses ’ the moral issues that emerge from the combined patrolling by humans and bots. Administrators provide the stronger tools only to trusted users, thereby creating a new hierarchical (...)
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  18. Internet-Based Commons of Intellectual Resources: An Exploration of their Variety.Paul B. de Laat - 2006 - In Jacques Berleur, Markku I. Nurminen & John Impagliazzo, IFIP; Social Informatics: An Information Society for All? In Remembrance of Rob Kling Vol 223. Springer.
    During the two last decades, speeded up by the development of the Internet, several types of commons have been opened up for intellectual resources. In this article their variety is being explored as to the kind of resources and the type of regulation involved. The open source software movement initiated the phenomenon, by creating a copyright-based commons of source code that can be labelled `dynamic': allowing both use and modification of resources. Additionally, such a commons may be either protected from (...)
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  19. Profiling vandalism in Wikipedia: A Schauerian approach to justification.Paul B. de Laat - 2016 - Ethics and Information Technology 18 (2):131-148.
    In order to fight massive vandalism the English- language Wikipedia has developed a system of surveillance which is carried out by humans and bots, supported by various tools. Central to the selection of edits for inspection is the process of using filters or profiles. Can this profiling be justified? On the basis of a careful reading of Frederick Schauer’s books about rules in general (1991) and profiling in particular (2003) I arrive at several conclusions. The effectiveness, efficiency, and risk-aversion of (...)
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  20. Trusting the (ro)botic other: By assumption?Paul B. de Laat - 2015 - SIGCAS Computers and Society 45 (3):255-260.
    How may human agents come to trust (sophisticated) artificial agents? At present, since the trust involved is non-normative, this would seem to be a slow process, depending on the outcomes of the transactions. Some more options may soon become available though. As debated in the literature, humans may meet (ro)bots as they are embedded in an institution. If they happen to trust the institution, they will also trust them to have tried out and tested the machines in their back corridors; (...)
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  21. Online diaries: Reflections on trust, privacy, and exhibitionism. [REVIEW]Paul B. de Laat - 2008 - Ethics and Information Technology 10 (1):57-69.
    Trust between transaction partners in cyberspace has come to be considered a distinct possibility. In this article the focus is on the conditions for its creation by way of assuming, not inferring trust. After a survey of its development over the years (in the writings of authors like Luhmann, Baier, Gambetta, and Pettit), this mechanism of trust is explored in a study of personal journal blogs. After a brief presentation of some technicalities of blogging and authors’ motives for writing their (...)
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  22. The agrarian roots of pragmatism / edited by Paul B. Thompson and Thomas C. Hilde.Paul B. Thompson & Thomas C. Hilde (eds.) - 2000 - Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
    The essays in this volume critically analyze and revitalize agrarian philosophy by tracing its evolution in the classical American philosophy of key figures such as Franklin, Jefferson, Emerson, Thoreau, Dewey, and Royce.
     
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  23.  90
    The natural history of man in the Scottish Enlightenment.Paul B. Wood - 1990 - History of Science 28 (1):89-123.
  24.  49
    The Agrarian Vision: Sustainability and Environmental Ethics.Paul B. Thompson - 2010 - University Press of Kentucky.
    Agrarian political philosophies since ancient Greece stress the role of agriculture in forming political solidarity and civic virtue. More recent transformations suggest a way to conjoin these elements of what makes a polity politically sustainable with environmental sensitivity and literacy.
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  25.  94
    The Spirit of the Soil: Agriculture and Environmental Ethics.Paul B. Thompson - 1994 - Routledge.
    The Spirit of the Soil challenges environmentalists to think more deeply and creatively about agriculture. Paul B. Thompson identifies four `worldviews' which tackle agricultural ethics according to different philosophical priorities; productionism, stewardship, economics and holism. He examines current issues such as the use of pesticides and biotechnology from these ethical perspectives. This book achieves an open-ended account of sustainability designed to minimise hubris and help us to recapture the spirit of the soil.
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  26.  54
    The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy.Paul B. Woodruff - 1989 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1):205-210.
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  27.  39
    Comparisons of digits and dot patterns.Paul B. Buckley & Clifford B. Gillman - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 103 (6):1131.
  28.  46
    Commentary on Paul B. Thompson’s From Field to Fork: Food Ethics for Everyone.Paul B. Thompson - 2017 - Social Philosophy Today 33:209-215.
    Paul Thompson’s excellent book, From Field to Fork: Food Ethics for Everyone, argues that contemporary food ethics persistently ignores the nature and actual impact of GMOs, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, food aid to developing countries, and more. On Thompson’s view, such philosophical analyses must incorporate empirical knowledge. Additional strengths of Thompson’s book: its attention to quality-of-life issues, its openness to the concerns of the marginalized, and its emphasis on the interconnectedness of problems in food ethics. I raise one area (...)
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  29.  25
    Automated Theorem-proving in Non-classical Logics.Paul B. Thistlewaite, Michael A. McRobbie & Robert K. Meyer - 1988 - Pitman Publishing.
  30. Technological mediation and nuclear weapons.Paul B. Thompson - 1985 - In Larry A. Hickman, Philosophy, technology, and human affairs. [College Station, Tex.]: IBIS Press of College Station, Texas. pp. 117.
     
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  31. Optical illusions and aesthetic principles.Paul B. Jossmann - 1970 - In Erwin Walter Straus & Richard Marion Griffith, Aisthesis and aesthetics. Pittsburgh, Pa.,: Duquesne University Press. pp. 107.
     
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  32.  57
    Ebola Needs One Bioethics.Paul B. Thompson & Monica List - 2015 - Ethics, Policy and Environment 18 (1):96-102.
    Bioethics coverage of the recent Ebola outbreak neglected the ethical issues associated with aspects of the outbreak having environmental significance. The neglect of environmental dimensions is symptomatic of the way that the current institutionalization of bioethics as a field of inquiry separates medical and environmental expertise. As visionaries who are recognizing the need for better integration of human and veterinary medicine with environmental health are starting to call for “One Health”, it is now time to recognize the need for “One (...)
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  33.  16
    Countersexual manifesto.Paul B. Preciado - 2018 - New York: Columbia University Press.
    Countersexual society -- Countersexual reversal practices -- Theories -- Countersexual reading exercise -- On philosophy as a better way of taking it in the ass: deleuze and "molecular homosexuality.
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  34.  10
    Euripides' alcestis and the apollonius romance.Paul B. Nelson - 2016 - Classical Quarterly 66 (1):421-423.
    In 1924The Classical Quarterlypublished a note by Alexander Haggerty Krappe titled ‘Euripides’Alcmaeonand the Apollonius Romance’. Drawing attention to the obscure origins of the ancient Greek and Roman novels in general and pointing out the scholarly agreement on the role love plays in both the ancient novels and Euripidean tragedy, Krappe observed that ‘Euripides was drawn upon for whole episodes in order to enrich the plot of the [ancient] novel’. Krappe then goes on in his note to attribute the plot of (...)
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  35.  16
    Ethics in the Innovation Process: Some Unaddressed Issues for Pragmatists.Paul B. Thompson - 2023 - Contemporary Pragmatism 20 (1-2):53-76.
    There are now dozens of proposals for integrating ethics into the early planning and assessment of technological innovation. This paper tracks some of Larry Hickman’s contributions to these trends. While Hickman’s suggestions could be incorporated into virtually many of the new proposals for integrating ethics into technological research, development and dissemination, barriers remain. In this paper, I will explores some reasons why the field remains fragmented, emphasizing weaknesses in the pragmatist approach. First, I acknowledge the significance of obvious explanations: the (...)
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  36.  3
    Naked Truth.Paul B. Smith - 1957 - London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott.
  37.  71
    Commentary on “Hospital Ethics”.Paul B. Hofmann, William A. Atchley & David T. Ozar - 1992 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 1 (3):210.
  38.  31
    Telling patients of mistakes.Paul B. Hofmann - 2006 - Hastings Center Report 36 (5):7-7.
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  39.  40
    Agricultural ethics: research, teaching, and public policy.Paul B. Thompson - 1998 - Ames: Iowa State University Press.
    Presents a collection of essays written over a period of 15 years by agricultural ethicist Paul B. Thompson. The essays address the practical application of ethics to agriculture in a world faced with issues of increased yield, threatened environment, and the disappearance of the family farm.
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  40. Who Is Thomas Reid?Paul B. Wood - 2001 - Reid Studies 5 (1):35.
     
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  41. Conceptions of sustainability in livestock farming.Paul B. Thompson - 1997 - Ludus Vitalis 2 (UMERO ESPECIAL):143-156.
     
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  42.  63
    Physicians should not always pursue a good "clinical" outcome.Paul B. Hofmann & L. J. Schneiderman - 2007 - Hastings Center Report 37 (3):3-3.
  43.  22
    Philo of Alexandria: A model for early Christian ‘spiritual readings’ of the Scriptures.Paul B. Decock - 2015 - HTS Theological Studies 71 (1).
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  44.  16
    Philo of Alexandria: Holiness as self-possession and selftranscendence.Paul B. Decock - 2016 - HTS Theological Studies 72 (4).
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  45. Devil in the details: Hobbes's use and abuse of scripture.Paul B. Davis - 2018 - In Laurens van Apeldoorn & Robin Douglass, Hobbes on Politics and Religion. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
     
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  46.  32
    An analysis of the mirror-induced objective self-awareness effect.Paul B. Paulus, Angela B. Annis & Hal T. Risner - 1978 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 12 (1):8-10.
  47. Rehabilitating Equipoise.Paul B. Miller & Charles Weijer - 2003 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 13 (2):93-118.
    : When may a physician legitimately offer enrollment in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) to her patient? Two answers to this question have had a profound impact on the research ethics literature. Equipoise, as originated by Charles Fried, which we term Fried's equipoise (FE), stipulates that a physician may offer trial enrollment to her patient only when the physician is genuinely uncertain as to the preferred treatment. Clinical equipoise (CE), originated by Benjamin Freedman, requires that there exist a state of (...)
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  48.  34
    Thinking About Thinking About Technology.Paul B. Thompson - 2000 - Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 5 (1):29-34.
  49.  74
    From world hunger to food sovereignty: food ethics and human development.Paul B. Thompson - 2015 - Journal of Global Ethics 11 (3):336-350.
    The role of Amartya Sen's early work on famine notwithstanding, food security is generally seen as but one capability among many for scholars writing in development ethics. The early literature on the ethics of hunger is summarized to show how Sen's Poverty and Famines was written in response to debates of past decades, and a brief discussion of food security as a capability follows. However, Sen's characterization of smallholder food security also supports the development of agency in both a political (...)
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  50.  56
    Agriculture and working-class political culture: A lesson from The Grapes of Wrath.Paul B. Thompson - 2007 - Agriculture and Human Values 24 (2):165-177.
    John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel can be given a reading that links events and the mentality of characters to mainstream schools of liberal and neo-liberal political theory: libertarianism, egalitarianism, and utilitarianism. Each of these schools is sketched in outline and applied to topics in rural political culture. While it is likely that Steinbeck himself would have identified with an egalitarian or utilitarian view, he resists the temptation to deny his Okie characters an authentic voice that matches none of these schools so (...)
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